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Energy density: The amount of energy stored per unit mass or volume (Wh/kg or Wh/L), which determines the product's endurance or capacity. For example, the energy density of energy storage battery packs is typically 100-180 Wh/kg.
Power density: The output power per unit mass or volume (W/kg or W/L), which determines the charging and discharging speed. For instance, the power density of fast-charging batteries can reach over 3000 W/kg.
Cycle life: The number of full charge and discharge cycles (usually when the capacity drops to 80%), with LFP systems having a cycle life of ≥3000 times, high-end products reaching over 10,000 times, and ternary systems having 2000-3000 times.
Charge and discharge rate (C rate): A measure of the charging and discharging speed, where 1C = battery capacity (Ah). For example, for a 50Ah battery, 1C charging = 50A current, and 2C charging = 100A current (fully charged in 30 minutes).
Operating voltage: The voltage of a single cell is typically 3.2V (LFP) or 3.7V (ternary), and the voltage of a battery pack can be customized (such as 48V, 300V, 600V) to meet the requirements of different devices.
Operating temperature: The normal range is -20°C to 60°C (discharging) and 0°C to 45°C (charging). Wide-temperature products can operate stably within -30°C to 55°C.
Self-discharge rate: The loss of charge when the battery is idle. High-quality batteries have a self-discharge rate of ≤3% per month, which is much lower than that of nickel-cadmium batteries (15-20% per month).
Safety indicators: These include the thermal runaway temperature (LFP > 800°C, ternary 200-300°C), the pass rate of needle puncture / compression / short circuit tests, and the response speed of the fire suppression system.
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The "energy conversion logic" of lithium-ion batteries
Dec. 24, 2025
